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Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine pretreatment on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway during intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.Methods Twenty-four male Spragne-Dawley rats,weighing 180-220 g,were divided into 3 groups (n =8 each) using a random number table method:sham operation group (S group),intestinal I/R group (I group) and dexmedetomidine pretreatment group (DP group).Intestinal I/R model was established by occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery for 1 h followed by 2-h reperfusion in anesthetized rats.Dexmedetomidine 100 μg/kg was intraperitoneally injected at 30 min before ischemia in DP group.Blood samples were collected from hearts at the end of reperfusion for determination of the serum intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) level by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The intestinal tissues were obtained at the end of reperfusion for examination of pathologic changes and for determination of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) contents (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and expression of TLR4,MyD88,phosphorylated NF-κB p65 (p-NF-κB p65) in total protein and NF-κB p65 in nucleoprotein (by Western blot).The degree of intestinal tissue damage was graded using Chiu's scoring system.Results Compared with S group,the Chiu's score and concentrations of IFABP in serum and contents of TNF-α and IL-1β in intestinal tissues were significantly increased,and the expression of TLR4,MyD88 and p-NF-κB p65 in total protein and NF-κB p65 in nucleoprotein was up-regulated in I/R group,and the Chiu's score was significantly increased,the expression of MyD88 and p-NF-κB p65 was up-regulated (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in serum I-FABP concentration,contents of TNF-α and IL-1β,or expression of TLR4 in total protein and NF-κB p65 in nucleoprotein in DP group (P＞0.05).Compared with I/R group,the Chiu's score,serum I-FABP concentration,and contents of TNF-α and IL-1β were significantly decreased,and the expression of TLR4,MyD88 and p-NF-κB p65 in total protein and NF-κB p65 in nucleoprotein was down-regulated in DP group (P＜0.05).Conclusion The mechanism by which dexmedetomidine pretreatement mitigates intestinal I/R injury may be related to inhibiting activation of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in rats.
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Objective To compare the effectiveness of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with or without background infusion of dezocine plus flurbiprofen axetil injection in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal cancer operation. Methods Sixty patients scheduled for laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery,35 males and 25 females,aged 18-65 years,ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,were randomly divided into 2 groups:common-dose background infusion group(Group CB,n = 30),and no background infusion group(Group NB, n = 30). All patients were intravenously administered a PCA pump containing dezocine 0.6 mg/kg,flurbiprofen axetil 3 mg/kg and normal saline in a volume of 120 mL.Patients in Group CB were given background infusion rate of 2 mL/h with PCA bolus dose 2 mL,patients in Group NB were given PCA bolus dose 4 mL only.NRS scores, Ramsay sedation scores,pressing times,consumption of analgesic,supplementary analgesics,incidence of ad-verse reactions,time of first exhaust,time of first leaving bed and patients'satisfaction scores were recorded after surgery. The influence factors of time of first exhaust and time of first leaving bed were also analyzed. Results Compared with group CB,the NRS scores in group NB were higher both at rest and during movement(P<0.05), the Ramsay sedation scores in group NB were lower at 24 and 48 h after surgery(P<0.05),the pressing times in group NB were higher(P < 0.05),the consumption of analgesic in group NB were lower after surgery,and the incidence of using supplementary analgesics was higher(P < 0.05). No statistical difference was found on the in-cidence of adverse reactions between the two groups(P > 0.05). Moreover,the time of first leaving bed in group NB was longer than that in group CB(P<0.05).The satisfaction scores in group NB was lower than that in group CB(P<0.05).The main influence factors of the time of first leaving bed were gender and NRS score during move-ment at 24 h after the operation(P<0.05).The main influence factors of the time of first exhaust were age,BMI and fluid infusion volume(P < 0.05). Conclusion Postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia with background infusion of dezocine and flurbiprofen axetil injection was more efficacious and satisfactory,and more suitable in postoperative pain management.
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Objective To observe the effect of parecoxib on intestinal barrier function of septic mice.Methods Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model.Twenty-one male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups (n =7 in each group):group Sham,group CLP,group P (parecoxib 2 mg/kg was administered via gastric tube 2 h after CLP).In vivo intestinal permeability was measured using an in vivo ligated loop model 24 h after surgery.Twenty-one male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups as before.The small intestine tissue sample was harvested 24 h after surgery.The intestinal pathological changes were observed under light microscope.The expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1,Occludin,and Claudin-1 in the ileum were measured by Western blot.IL-6 and PGE2 level in the ileum were measured by ELISA.Results Compared with group Sham,the intestinal permeability was significantly increased and there was a significant intestinal pathological injury in group CLP.IL-6 and PGE2 level in the ileum was sig nificantly increased and the expression of tight junction protein ZO-1,Occludin,and Claudin-1 in the ileum were reduced in the group CLP (P＜0.05).Compared with the group CLP,intestinal permeability and pathological injury was significantly reduced in the group P.The levels of IL-6 and PGE2 were significantly decreased (P＜0.05),the expression of ZO-1,Occludin,and Claudin 1 were upregulated in group P (P＜0.05).Conclusion Parecoxib can decrease the levels of proinflammatory factors and up-regulate the expression of tight junction to reverse intestinal barrier dysfunction caused by sepsis in mice.
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Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of cell penetrating peptide Tat-LK15 mediating small interfering RNA (siRNA) interference with the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in rat spinal dorsal horn on neuropathic pain. Methods The transfection reagent, Tat-LK15, was used to mediate the transfection of rat spinal dorsal horn (SDH) neuronal cells with carboxyfluorescein (FAM), and then the transfection effect was observed under inverted fluorescence microscope. Fifty healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=10): control group, sham operation group (sham group), neuropathic pain group (SNL group), Tat-LK15-nNOS siRNA group (TS group) and Tat-LK15-NC siRNA group (TN group). Neuropathic pain was induced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL), rats in control group did not receive operation and only the spinal nerve was exposed in sham group. Groups SNL, TS and TN were made into the models by SNL and implanted intrathecal catheter, intrathecal administration was performed from the 7th day after model establishment, and 10μl normal saline, 10μl TS complex (including 5μg siRNA) and 10μl TN (including 5μg siRNA) were injected intrathecally each day for 7 days. Paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) were measured at 1 day before (baseline) and 3, 7, 10 and 14 days after model establishment. Then animals were sacrificed on the 14th day after the operation and the lumbar segment (L4-6) of the spinal cord was removed to detect the expressions of nNOS mRNA and protein using q-PCR and Western blotting analysis. Results Tat-LK15 effectively mediated FAM-siRNA into SDH neuronal cells. Compared with sham group, SNL significantly decreased PWMT and PWTL and increased expressions of nNOS mRNA and protein from the 3rd day (P<0.01), but there was no significant difference between the sham and control group. Tat-LK15-nNOS siRNA complex significantly increased PWMT and PWTL and down-regulated nNOS mRNA and protein expressions in TS group compared with SNL group on the days 10 and 14. There was no significant difference between TN and SNL group. Conclusion Tat-LK15 not only can mediate successful nNOS siRNA transfection and inhibit the expression of nNOS, but also effectively relieve SNL-induced neuropathic pain in rats.
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Objective To observe the effects of the preconditioning of ulinastatin on GES-1 cell injury induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD). Methods GES-1 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into three groups: normal control group (group N), oxygen and glucose deprivation group (group O), and ulinastatin preconditioning group (group U). The OGD model of GES-1 cells were established by glucose-free medium and three-gas incubator for 6h. Ulinastatin was added to group U 12h before the deprivation of oxygen and glucose. The cell viability and apoptosis were determined by cck-8 and flow cytometry respectively. Western Blot was used to examine the protein expression of Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase-3. The TRPV1 mRNA expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Results As compared with group N, the viability of GES-1 was decreased, the apoptotic rate and the expression of Caspase-3 and Cleaved Caspase-3 were increased, and the TRPV1 mRNA expression decreased greatly in group O (P < 0.05). As compared with group O, the aforementioned changes were significantly inhibited in group U. Conclusions Ulinastatin preconditioning could effectively inhibit GES-1 cell injury induced by OGD, which may be related to the inhibition of apoptosis and the upregulation of TRPV1 mRNA expression.
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Objective To evaluate the sedative interaction between dexmedetomidine and propofol.Methods Sixty-four American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,aged 20-60 yr,with body mass index of 19.0-25.0 kg/m2,scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia,were allocated into 4 groups (n =16 each) using a random number table:different target concentrations of dexmedetomidine groups (D1-4 groups).Dexmedetomidine was administered by target-controlled infusion (TCI) with the Markku model.The target plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine were 0,0.4,0.6 and 0.8 ng/ml in D1-4 groups,respectively.At 15 min of dexmedetomidine TCI,propofol was given by TCI with Schnider model,and the initial target effect-site concentration was set at 1.0 μg/ml.After the target effect-site and plasma concentrations were balanced,the target effect-site concentration of propofol was gradually increased in increments of 0.2 μg/ml until loss of consciousness (Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale score was 1).The model of pharmacodynamic interaction was used to analyze the sedative interaction between the two drugs.Results There was no statistically significant difference in residual sums of squares fitted by using the model of pharmacodynamic interaction between the target effect-site concentration of propofol and target plasma concentration of dexmedetomidine at loss of consciousness (P＞0.05).The linear dimensionless parameter of pharmacodynamic interaction was 0.The median effective effect-site concentration of propofol was 2.38 μg/ml at loss of consciousness,and the median effective plasma concentration of dexmedetomidine was 2.03 ng/ml at loss of consciousness.Conclusion Dexmedetomidine and propofol interact additively in terms of sedation.
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Objective To investigate the effects of target-controlled infusion (TCI)of dexme-detomidine on the median effective concentration of effect-site (Ce50 )of propofol at loss of conscious-ness (LOC)in patients.Methods Sixty-four patients,28 males and 36 females,aged 20-60 years, ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,scheduled for elective surgery,were randomly allocated to receive dexmedetomidine of 0 ng/ml (group P),dexmedetomidine of 0.4 ng/ml (group D1),dexmedetomi-dine of 0.6 ng/ml (group D2)and dexmedetomidine of 0.8 ng/ml (group D3)for 1 5 min before TCI of propofol,n =1 6 in each group.The propofol infusion was started to provide an effect-site concen-tration of 1.0 μg/ml,and increased by 0.2 μg/ml when propofol effect-site concentration and target concentration were equilibrium until LOC.Results The Ce50 (95%CI )at loss of consciousness in groups P,D1,D2 and D3 were 2.30 (2.24-2.36)μg/ml,1.92 (1.87-1.96 )μg/ml,1.60 (1.55-1.65)μg/ml and 1.41 (1.35-1.45 )μg/ml,respectively.There was a negative correlation between the effect-site concentration of propofol-induced LOC and target concentration of dexmedetomidine (r=-0.84,P <0.01).Compared with groups P,D1 and D2,the incidence of bradycardia was higher in group D3 (P <0.05).Conclusion The Ce50 of propofol-induced LOC gradually decreases with in-creasing target concentration of dexmedetomidine.Combining propofol with dexmedetomidine of 0.4 or 0.6 ng/ml that can reduce the Ce50 of propofol-induced LOC,which is suitable for induction of an-esthesia with a lower incidence of bradycardia.
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Objective To determine the ED50 of dexmedetomidine for suppressing cardiovascular responses to placement of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in patients undergoing gynecological laparoscopic surgery with induction of propofol. Methods ASA I or II Patients aged 18 to 55 undergoing elective gynecological laparoscopic surgery were enrolled. After an bolus dose of dexmedetomidine over 10 min , anaesthesia was induced with target-controled propofol, and then bolus of vecuronium of 0.1 mg/kg was injected when the BIS was between 45 and 55. LM palcement was performed 3 minutes after vecuronium injection. The modified Dixon ’ s up-and-down method was used to determine the bolus dose of dexmedetomidine , starting from 1.0 μg/kg (step size:0.1 μg/kg). Cardiovascular response was defined as an increase in SBP and/or HR by 15% of baseline within 2 min after placement of LMA. The test ended after at least 7 crossovers ( successive ‘response’ or ‘non-response’) were obtained. Probit analysis was used to calculate ED50, ED95 and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results The ED50 and ED95 (95% confidence interval) of dexmedetomidine for suppressing cardiovascular responses to placement of LMA was 0.65 μg/kg (0.44-0.80) μg/kg and 0.94 μg/kg (0.79-2.47) μg/kg. Conclusion Under induction of target-controled propofol , the ED50 of dexmedetomidine is 0.65 μg/kg for suppressing cardiovascular responses to placement of LMA in female patients.
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Objective To investigate the role of TRPV1 in exacerbation of gastric mucosal injury in a rat water immersion restraint stress (WIRS) model by acute postoperative pain. Methods Thirty Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal controlled group (N group, n=10), WIRS model group (WIRS group, n=10) and surgery after WIRS group (WS group, n = 10). The general extent of gastric mucosal injury was observed and assessed for gastric mucosal ulcer index (UI), intragastric pH and serum SOD/MDA ratio were measured and the expression of TRPV1 mRNA in gastric mocusal was accessed by Real-time Quantitative PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the mean density of TRPV1. Results Compared with NC group, WIRS group showed obvious gastric mocusal injure with higher UI , lower values of intragastric pH serum SOD/MDA ratio and TRPV1 (P<0.05). The treatment with surgery after onset of WIRS significantly aggravated the gastric mucusal erosion and hemorrhage, with UI increased (P < 0.05), the value of intragastric pH, serum SOD/MDA ratio and TRPV1 further reduced (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, TRPV1 was inversely correlated with UI, and positively associated with intragastric pH and serum SOD/MDA ratio. Conclusion TRPV1 expression in gastric mocusal of AMGL model is inhibited by acute postoperative pain. TRPV1 may involve in the exacerbation of gastric mucosal injury in WIRS model by acute postoperative pain.
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Objective To evaluate the effect of ulinastatin on oxidative stress injury to myocardial cells in diabetic rats in vitro.Methods The H9c2 cells were cultured in DMEM culture medium and the cells at the logarithmic growth phase were seeded in 96-well plates (density 1 × 104 cells/ml,200 μl/well) or in 6-well plates (density 1× 105 cells/m1,2 ml/well).The cells were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=18 each) using a random number table:normal control group (group C),high-glucose group (group HG),high-glucose + oxidative stress group (group HG+OS),ulinastatin +high-glucose+oxidative stress group (group U+HG+OS).The cells were cultured in high-glucose DMEM culture medium (25.0 mmol/L) for 48 h in group HG.After the cells were cultured in high-glucose DMEM culture medium for 24 h,H2O2 with the final concentration of 500 μmol/L was added to the high-glucose culture medium,and the cells were continuously cultured for 24 h in HG+OS and U+HG+OS groups.In group U+HG+OS,ulinastatin 400 U/ml was added to the high-glucose culture medium.The cells were collected for determination of cell viability,H9c2 apoptosis,activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and contents of malonadehyde (MDA).Apoptosis rate was calculated.The cell culture supernatant was collected for detection of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity.Results Compared with group C,the cell viability and SOD activity were significantly decreased,and the apoptosis rate,MDA content and LDH activity were increased in the other groups.Compared with HG group,the cell viability and SOD activity were significantly decreased,and the apoptosis rate,MDA content and LDH activity were increased in HG+OS and U+HG+OS groups.Compared with group HG+OS,the cell viability and SOD activity were significantly increased,and the apoptosis rate,MDA content and LDH activity were decreased in group U + HG+ OS.Conclusion Ulinastatin can mitigate oxidative stress injury to myocardial cells in diabetic rats,and inhibited cell apoptosis is involved in the mechanism.
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Objective To observe the effects of shenfu injection (SFI) on the awakening quality of the patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis undergoing splenectomy under general anethesia. Methods Forty patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis and hepatic insufficiency (ASA classⅡ~Ⅲ) underwent splenectomy by general anesthesia. Patients were all sent into the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) shortly after the operation with unconscious and no spontaneously breathing. They were randomly divided into two groups: SFI treatment group (Group SFI, n =20) and normal saline controlled group (Group NSC, n = 20). SFI group were treated with SFI (1 mL/kg, i. v.) in 10 minutes, and NSC group were treated with normal saline (1 mL/kg,i.v.). The time of eyes opening, extubation of tracheal catheter and the detention time of PACU were recorded. The heart rate (HR) and the average artery presses (MAP) were monitored at 4 time points: before SFI and normal saline administration, 5 min, 15 min, and 45 min after administration. The incidence of restlessness during the patients awakening period was also recorded. Results The time of eyes opening, extubation and the detention time of PACU of SFI group show no significant difference compared with the NSC group (P > 0.05). SFI and normal saline intravenous injection did not cause significant changes on HR and MAP at the time of 5 min , 15 min and 45 min compared to the time of before administration (P > 0.05). The incidence of restlessness during the patients resuscitation period in SFI group were lower than in NSC group (P < 0.05). Conclusion Shenfu injection can effectively improve the awakening quality and decrease the incidence of restlessness of the patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis undergoing splenectomy under general anesthesia during the awakening period in PACU.
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Objective To explore the effects of general anesthesia combined thoracic paraverte-bral block on postoperative pain and fast track single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS).Methods Thirty patients,including male 20 and female 10,received single-port VATS were randomly and equally divided into two groups:group C received general anesthesia only,and group T received ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral nerve block combined with general anesthe-sia.Both groups did not use the patient-controlled analgesia,if insufficient analgesia happened (rest-ing VAS scores>4),than used dezocine intravenously as additional analgesia (a single-dose 5-20 mg, no more than 120 mg per day).The Ramsay scores at 1,4,8,12 h after the surgery and the mechani-cal withdrawal threshold on the day before the surgery,at 4,8,12,24 h after the surgery were recor-ded.The first time of post-operation pain feedback,the consumption of dezocine in the first 24 h after surgery,the incidence rates of side effects,the first time off-bed and the hospital stays were also re-corded.Results Compared with group C,the Ramsay scores at 8,12 h postoperatively in group T significantly decreased (P <0.05),and the mechanical withdrawal threshold at 4,8 h postoperatively significantly increased (P <0.05).The first time of post-operation pain feedback in group T was sig-nificantly longer than group C (P <0.05).The consumption of dezocine in the first 24 h after surgery significantly decreased in group T (P <0.05).The first time off-bed and the hospital stays in group T were shorter than group C (P <0.05).Also,the incidence rates of nausea,vomiting in the first 24 h postoperatively were lower in group T (P < 0.05 ).Conclusion General anesthesia combined with single-injected thoracic paravertebral nerve block can effectively relieve the postoperative pain in pa-tients undergoing single-port VATS,reduce the consumption of opioids in the first 24 h postopera-tively,cutting down the occurring rates of adverse reactions,which was beneficial to early ambulate and shortened the hospital stays.
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Objective To investigate the effect of preoperative single target administrating of fibrinogen(FIB)on the intraop-erative bleeding and coagulation function in posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF)operation.Methods 60 cases of lumbar inter-vertebral disc herniation(LDH)undergoing elective PLIF operation were divided into two groups according to the preoperative FIB levels:normal control group(NC,FIB≥3.0 g/L,n=20)and low FIB group(FIB<3.0 g/L,n=40).The low FIB group was ran-domly re-divided into 2 groups:the low HIB control group(LC,n=20)and the preoperative single FIB administrating group(PF, n=20).After anesthesia induction,the PF group was given FIB;the LC and NC groups were given the same volume of saline solu-tion as solvent volume required by administrating FIB dose.The change of blood coagulation 4 indexes were detected and the activa-ted clotting time(ACT),coagulation time(CR)and platelet function(PF)were detected by the sonoclot analyzer before and after drug administrating.The bleeding amount was weighed after ending operation.Results The FIB concentration after administrating in the PF group was (3.75±0.23)g/L,which was significantly higher than (2.62±0.33)g/L in the NC group and (2.23±0.22) g/L in the LC group,the differences among 3 groups were statistically significant(P <0.05);the CR value after administrating in the PF group was (21.42±7.15)U/min,which was higher than (18.21±5.62)U/min in the NC group and (15.21±5.63)U/min in the LC group.The bleeding amount in the PF group was (516.74±135.53)g,which was lower than (660.71±119.34)g in the NC group and (726.72±160.47)g in the LC group,the difference among 3 groups had statistical significance(P <0.05).Conclusion Preoperative single target administrating of fibrinogen can effectively increase the FIB level,improve the blood coagulation func-tion and reduce the periaoperative bleeding amount.
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Objective To study the effect of APETx2 on the expression of ASIC3 APETx2 in a rat model of acute gastric mucosal lesion(AGML). Methods Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups in equal number : normal control group, water immersion restraint stress (WIRS) group, APETx2 treatment group. AGML was induced by WIRS for 6 hours, and APETx2 (25 μg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally before the onset of stress. Intragastric pH and gastric histopathological changes were measured and the expression of ASIC3 mRNA in DRG neurons projecting to rat stomach was examined by real-time PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the localization of ASIC3. Results Compared with the normal control group, the WIRS group showed obvious gastric injury with lower values of intragastric pH and extensive expression of ASIC3 in the DRG neurons (P < 0.05). The treatment with APETx2 before the onset of WIRS significantly alleviated the gastric mucosal injury, decreased gastric acidity and reduced ASIC3 expression in DRG neurons (P < 0.05). Conclusions ASIC3 expression in DRG neurons projecting to rat stomach is strongly associated with gastric mucosal lesion and acidosis in the WIRS model. APETx2 can improve gastric acidosis and prevent the occurrence of these lesions.
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Aim To investigate the potential applica-tion of a non-viral gene carrier Tat-LK15 for delivering siRNA targeting nNOS in vitro, which provides evi-dence of Tat-LK15 mediating siRNA targeting nNOS in vivo for treatment of neuropathic pain. Methods 1. Tat-LK15 was mixed with siRNA, then the mixture was analyzed the best ratio by Gel retardation. The trans-fection efficiency of FAM-siRNA mediated by Tat-LK15 on RGC-5 cells was examined by Flow Cytome-try. The apoptosis ratio of RGC-5 was identified by Flow Cytometry 24 h after treated with the different do-ses of Tat-LK15 (1, 2. 5, 5, 10 and 20 μg). 2. The model of RGC-5 cell overexpression of nNOS protein was prepared. 3. RGC-5 cells were randomly divided into 5 groups:control group,model group, Tat-S group ( Tat-LK15 mediate nNOS/siRNA transfection model cell) , Lipo-S group ( LipofectamineTM RNAiMAX me-diate nNOS/siRNA transfection model cell) and Tat-N group ( Tat-LK15 mediate NCsiRNA transfection model cell) . Real-time Quantitative polymerase chain reac-tion( Q-PCR) and Western blot were used to evaluate nNOS expression level assay. Results It indicated that the Tat-LK15/siRNA complex completely formed at the weight ratio of 2∶ 1 (μg/μg) , and the transfec-tion efficiency was (84. 4 ± 3. 9)%. It caused cotytox-icity when Tat-LK15 dose was 20 μg ( 6. 1 μmol · L-1 ) , and the apoptosis rate more than control group [(10. 3 ± 1. 1)% vs (7. 4 ± 0. 9)%, P<0. 05]. The nNOS protein level of RGC-5 cells was significantly el-evated after modeling. Compared with that of model group, Tat-LK15/siRNA efficiently inhibited the ex-pression of nNOS at transcriptional level or protein leve1 of Tat-S group ( P <0. 05 ) , and there was no significant difference of the efficiency inhibited between Tat-S group and Lipo-S group. Conclusions Tat-LK15’ advantage is with high efficiency, low cytotox-icity. The Tat-LK15 can deliver siRNA targeting nNOS in vitro efficiently and safely.
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Objective To explore the correlation of patient-controlled sedation of dexmedetomidine and Narcotrend values. Methods Forty patients with lower limb surgery were enrolled. Until CSEA block fixed , the electronic pump ran the patient-controlled sedation of dexmedetomidine. The parameter of electronic pump was set as follows: load dose 2 mL + background dose 1.5 mL/h + single dose 0.5 mL + locktime 20 s. The heart rate , mean arterial pressure, pressing times, effective times, OAA/S sedation scores and NI values were determined. Results At T4 point, the patients reached appropriate sedation. At T4 ~ T9 OAA/S scores kept 3 to 4. From T5 point, NI values showed significant decrease. After the T7 point. OAA/S scores and NI values reached the plateau time of (7.5 ± 1.8) min and (13.1 ± 3.4) min, OAA/S scores of 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively, corresponding roughly with NI values 95 to 100, 90 to 94, 65 to 89, 40 to 64. The correlation coefficient was 0.58. The time of NI values significant decreased in the younger group and in the elderly group, with (10.2 ± 1.6) min and (14.4 ± 2.2) min. In T5~ T9 point, NI values of the younger group were significantly lower than those in the elderly group. Conclusion Relevant relationships are observed between dexmedetomidine patient-controlled sedation depth and the narcotrend values under CSEA.
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Objective To investigate the effects of restraint stress (RS) in different periods on SOD and MDA of normal rat serums and mucosal tissues. Methods 32 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group (NC group, n=8), and restraint stress groups of 3 days, 5 days and 7 days (RS3, RS5 and RS7 groups, n=8 at each group). The comparisons were done between all the groups in terms of the general extent of gastric mucosal injury, gastric mucosal injury ulcer index (UI), water content, the activity of super oxide dismutase (SOD), and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum and mucosal. Results Compared with NC group, gastric mucosal injuries in RS group were more severe, the UI and water content was proportionally related with the restraint periods. Meanwhile, the serum and mucosal SOD in the RS groups were all increased, and with prolonged restraints, the SOD were decreased, but the serum and mucosal MDA were increased (P<0.01) and SOD/MDA in the mucosa lowered as well (P<0.01). Conclusion Restraint stress may cause mucosal injury proportional to the stress time and related with lowered SOD/MDA in mucosal tissues.
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Objective To evaluate influence of patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) and patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) on expressions of serum inflammatory cytokines in elderly patients with hemi or whole hip replacement using cemented artificial joint. Methods Elderly patients undergoing hip replacement were selected and were divided into PCIA group and PCEA group. VAS scores were calculated at 12 h postoperatively. Patients whose VAS scores were not more than 2 at postoperative 12h were included. 30 cases in each group were finally included. Fifteen cases were randomly chosen in each group and underwent sample blood drawing for assays. Expressions of serum inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA , RT-PCR and Western-blot. Results Gene and protein expressions of TNF-a as well as IL-6 in group PCEA were lower and expression of IL-10 was higher than that in group PCIA. Serum level of TGb-β was higher in group PCEA detected by ELISA. There was no significant difference in expression of IL-8 between groups. Conclusions PCEA may better promote expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibit expressions of proinflammatory cytokines. PCEA is superior in maintenance of inflammatory cytokine balance.
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Objective To observe the coexistence expression of TRPV1 and μ-opoid receptorin spinal dorsal root ganglion (DRG) projected to stomach , and to investigate the relationship between TRPV1 andμ-opoid receptorand its clinical significance in rats with acute gastric mucosal lesion induced by water immersion and restraint stress. Methods FortyWistar rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups, including normal control group(group NC, n = 10), WIRS group (group WIRS, n = 20), and sufentanil pretreatment group (group SP, n = 10). A rat model of gsatric mucosal lesion was induced by WIRS. 6 hours after WIRS treatment, gastric tissues were excised and microscopically observed; ulcer index (GI) was noted. The coexistence expression of TRPV1 and μ-opioid receptor in DRG neurons was detected by immunofluorescence assay, and the levels of CGRP was measured by ELASA. Results As compared withgroup WIRS, the degree of gastric injury was obviously relieved in group SF. Coexistence of TRPV1 and μ-opioid receptor was detected in thoracic DRG neurons projected to stomach; the CGRP level was higher in group WIRS than in group NC. ConclusionsTRPV1 isinvolved in protection of acute gastric mucosal lesion. Activation of μ-opioid receptor can induce TRPV1 to release CGRP, resulting in protection of gastric mucosa.
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Objective To explore effects of sulfentanyl preconditioning on myocardial injury in scald in diabetic and non-diabetic rats.Methods Eighty SD rats (40 diabetic rats and 40 non-diabetic rats)were divided into eight groups (10 rats per each),including sham group(group NS,non-diabetic rats with sham burn),burned group(group NB,non-diabetic rats with third-degree burns over 30%total body surface area (TBSA)and lactated Ringer??s solution for resuscitation),sulfentanyl group (group NP,non-diabetic rats without given sulfentanyl before burning and lactated Ringer??s solution for resuscitation)and naloxone group(group NN,non-diabetic rats given naloxone before sulfentanyl group),Diabetes sham group(group DS,diabetic rats with sham burn),Diabetic rats burned group (group DB,diabetic rats given third-degree burns,over 30 percent of the total body surface area had been burned and given lactated Ringer??s solution for resuscitation),diabetic sulfentanyl group(group DP,diabetic rats given sulfentanyl before burning and given lactated Ringer??s solution for resuscita-tion)and diabetic naloxone group(group DN,diabetic rats given naloxone,after that treated as the sulfentanyl group).Results Compared to group NB,for the mice in group NP,the activity of plasma SOD increased significantly,TNF-α,cTnI and water content level in myocardium decreased signifi-cantly (P <0.05 );whereas TNF-α,cTnI and water content level in myocardium in group DB in-creased significantly (P <0.05);Compared to group DB,for the mice in group DP,the activity of plasma SOD increased significantly,MDA,TNF-α,cTnI and water content level in myocardium de-creased significantly (P <0.05).Conclusion Diabetes may deteriorate burn-induced myocardial injury in rats.Sulfentanyl pretreatment exhibits significant protective effects on burned-induced myocardial injury in severely burned diabetic rats via inhibiting lipid peroxidation and TNF-αexpression.